Authors
Adam Tzur (Facebook, Twitter)
Studies: 243
Published: July 19, 2018
Updated: July 20, 2018 (added Broatch et al., 2018)
Plain Language Summary
What is Cold Water Immersion (CWI)?
An athlete is placed in an ice bath with a temperature typically between 5-15 °C (41-59 °F). The goal is to reduce body temperature, which is supposed to alleviate muscle damage and inflammation. This could improve recovery and possibly exercise performance.
Pre-cooling for performance
Cold water immersion before physical activity could improve athletic performance and fatigue. But this finding isn’t consistent across all studies. The effect seems to be greater when training in the heat.
Short term vs. long-term
Cold water immersion after exercise could improve recovery by reducing fatigue, muscle soreness (DOMS), exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and inflammation. This could lead to improved performance recovery in the short-term, perhaps ideal for competitions.
In the long-term, cold water immersion might impair hypertrophy as well other training-related adaptations.
Preliminary evidence suggests that [Cold Water Immersion] may blunt resistance signalling pathways following a single exercise session, as well as attenuate key long-term resistance training adaptations such as strength and muscle mass.
Treating Overheating
Cold water immersion can be used to treat overheating from exercise (exertional hyperthermia or exercise-induced hyperthermia).
Reviews and Meta-Analyses
2018-2000
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| The Influence of Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion on Adaptive Responses to Exercise: A Review of the Literature | 2018 | Link | Broatch JR |
| Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: A meta-analysis. | 2018 | Link | Choo HC |
| Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy for Recovery From Team Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | 2017 | Link | Higgins TR |
| Fatigue and Recovery in Rugby: A Review. | 2017 | Link | Tavares F |
| Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | 2016 | Link | Machado AF |
| Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Meta-analysis. | 2015 | Link | Zhang Y |
| The Effect of Post-Exercise Cryotherapy on Recovery Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | 2015 | Link | Hohenauer E |
| Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 2013 | Link | Bieuzen F |
| Cooling and performance recovery of trained athletes: a meta-analytical review. | 2013 | Link | Poppendieck W |
| Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. | 2013 | Link | Versey NG |
| Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. | 2012 | Link | Bleakley C |
| Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review. | 2012 | Link | Jones PR |
| What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water immersion in sports recovery? A systematic review. | 2010 | Link | Bleakley CM |
| Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. | 2009 | Link | McDermott BP |
| Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? | 2006 | Link | Barnett A |
Strength & Hypertrophy
2018-1978
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| The Influence of Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion on Adaptive Responses to Exercise: A Review of the Literature | 2018 | Link | Broatch JR |
| Impact of resistance exercise on ribosome biogenesis is acutely regulated by post-exercise recovery strategies. | 2016 | Link | Figueiredo VC |
| Importance of Standardized DXA Protocol for Assessing Physique Changes in Athletes. | 2016 | Link | Nana A |
| Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. | 2015 | Link | Roberts LA |
| Strength training adaptations after cold-water immersion. | 2014 | Link | Fröhlich M |
| Effects on handgrip strength due to arm immersion in a 10 degree C water bath. | 1978 | Link | Coppin EG |
Athletic Performance
2018-2010
2009-1997
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: A meta-analysis. | 2018 | Link | Choo HC |
| A Comparison of Mixed-Method Cooling Interventions on Preloaded Running Performance in the Heat. | 2017 | Link | Stevens CJ |
| Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle. | 2017 | Link | Broatch JR |
| The Efficacy of Repeated Cold Water Immersion on Recovery Following a Simulated Rugby Union Protocol | 2017 | Link | Barber |
| Dosages of cold-water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial. | 2017 | Link | Machado AF |
| Running performance in the heat is improved by similar magnitude with pre-exercise cold-water immersion and mid-exercise facial water spray. | 2017 | Link | Stevens CJ |
| Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. | 2016 | Link | Fonseca LB |
| Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers. | 2016 | Link | Aguiar PF |
| Cold Water Immersion is Acutely Detrimental but Increases Performance Post-12 h in Rugby Players. | 2016 | Link | Garcia CA |
| Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing. | 2016 | Link | Macedo Cde S |
| Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Bouts of Fatiguing Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Study. | 2016 | Link | Yeung SS |
| Postexercise cold-water immersion improves intermittent high-intensity exercise performance in normothermia. | 2016 | Link | McCarthy A |
| Breath-hold times in air compared to breath-hold times during cold water immersions. | 2015 | Link | Taber MJ |
| Integrative physiological and behavioural responses to sudden cold-water immersion are similar in skilled and less-skilled swimmers. | 2015 | Link | Button C |
| Muscle Reaction Time During a Simulated Lateral Ankle Sprain After Wet-Ice Application or Cold-Water Immersion. | 2015 | Link | Thain PK |
| Central and peripheral adjustments during high-intensity exercise following cold water immersion. | 2014 | Link | Stanley J |
| Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists? | 2014 | Link | Halson SL |
| Effect of run training and cold-water immersion on subsequent cycle training quality in high-performance triathletes. | 2014 | Link | Rowsell GJ |
| Including arm exercise during a cold water immersion recovery better assists restoration of sprint cycling performance. | 2014 | Link | Crampton D |
| Effect of recovery interventions on cycling performance and pacing strategy in the heat. | 2014 | Link | De Pauw K |
| Cycling time to failure is better maintained by cold than contrast or thermoneutral lower-body water immersion in normothermia. | 2013 | Link | Crampton D |
| Association between post-game recovery protocols, physical and perceived recovery, and performance in elite Australian Football League players. | 2013 | Link | Bahnert A |
| Individual perception of recovery is related to subsequent sprint performance. | 2013 | Link | Cook CJ |
| Consecutive days of cold water immersion: effects on cycling performance and heart rate variability. | 2013 | Link | Stanley J |
| Cold modalities with different thermodynamic properties have similar effects on muscular performance and activation. | 2013 | Link | Vieira A |
| Effect of post-exercise hydrotherapy water temperature on subsequent exhaustive running performance in normothermic conditions. | 2013 | Link | Dunne A |
| The effect of precooling on cardiovascular and metabolic strain during incremental exercise. | 2013 | Link | Smith DL |
| Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review. | 2012 | Link | Jones PR |
| Keeping your cool: possible mechanisms for enhanced exercise performance in the heat with internal cooling methods. | 2012 | Link | Siegel R |
| Pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion leads to similar run times to exhaustion in the heat as cold water immersion. | 2012 | Link | Siegel R |
| The effect of cold water immersion on 48-hour performance testing in collegiate soccer players. | 2012 | Link | Rupp KA |
| The effect of post-exercise hydrotherapy on subsequent exercise performance and heart rate variability. | 2012 | Link | Stanley J |
| Effects of cold-water immersion and contrast-water therapy after training in young soccer players. | 2011 | Link | De Nardi M |
| Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow. | 2011 | Link | Vaile J |
| Effects of age and spa treatment on match running performance over two consecutive games in highly trained young soccer players. | 2011 | Link | Buchheit M |
| Effect of post-match cold-water immersion on subsequent match running performance in junior soccer players during tournament play. | 2011 | Link | Rowsell GJ |
| Effect of a 5-min cold-water immersion recovery on exercise performance in the heat. | 2010 | Link | Peiffer JJ |
| Effect of cold water immersion on 100-m sprint performance in well-trained swimmers. | 2010 | Link | Parouty J |
| Effect of cold water immersion on repeated 1-km cycling performance in the heat. | 2010 | Link | Peiffer JJ |
| Precooling can prevent the reduction of self-paced exercise intensity in the heat. | 2010 | Link | Duffield R |
| The impact of cold-water immersion on power production in the vertical jump and the benefits of a dynamic exercise warm-up. | 2010 | Link | Dixon PG |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Effects of cold-water immersion on physical performance between successive matches in high-performance junior male soccer players. | 2009 | Link | Rowsell GJ |
| Effects of four recovery methods on repeated maximal rock climbing performance. | 2009 | Link | Heyman E |
| The effects of recovery interventions on consecutive days of intermittent sprint exercise. | 2009 | Link | King M |
| The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. | 2008 | Link | Montgomery PG |
| Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat. | 2008 | Link | Vaile J |
| Breath-hold time during cold water immersion: effects of habituation with psychological training. | 2007 | Link | Barwood MJ |
| Cold water recovery reduces anaerobic performance. | 2007 | Link | Crowe MJ |
| Body cooling between two bouts of exercise in the heat enhances subsequent performance. | 2006 | Link | Yeargin SW |
| Local cold acclimation during exercise and its effect on neuromuscular function of the hand. | 2006 | Link | Geurts CL |
| Post-exercise leg and forearm flexor muscle cooling in humans attenuates endurance and resistance training effects on muscle performance and on circulatory adaptation. | 2006 | Link | Yamane M |
| Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in hot, humid conditions. | 2006 | Link | Castle PC |
| Effect of selected recovery conditions on performance of repeated bouts of intermittent cycling separated by 24 hours. | 2004 | Link | Lane KN |
| The effects of cold-water immersion on power output and heart rate in elite cyclists. | 2002 | Link | Schniepp J |
| Effect of precooling on high intensity cycling performance. | 1999 | Link | Marsh D |
| Improved running performance in hot humid conditions following whole body precooling. | 1997 | Link | Booth J |
Recovery and Fatigue
2018-2010
2009-1999
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| A customised cold-water immersion protocol favours one-size-fits-all protocols in improving acute performance recovery. | 2018 | Link | Zandvoort CS |
| Effect of Body Composition on Physiological Responses to Cold-Water Immersion and the Recovery of Exercise Performance. | 2018 | Link | Stephens JM |
| Recovery practices in Division 1 collegiate athletes in North America. | 2018 | Link | Murray A |
| Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy for Recovery From Team Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | 2017 | Link | Higgins TR |
| Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy for Recovery From Team Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | 2017 | Link | Higgins TR |
| Fatigue and Recovery in Rugby: A Review. | 2017 | Link | Tavares F |
| Dosages of cold-water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial. | 2017 | Link | Machado AF |
| Can Cold Water Immersion Enhance Recovery in Elite Olympic Weightlifters? An Individualized Perspective. | 2017 | Link | Schimpchen J |
| Cold-Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy: No Improvement of Short-Term Recovery After Resistance Training. | 2017 | Link | Argus CK |
| Cold-Water Immersion for Athletic Recovery: One Size Does Not Fit All. | 2017 | Link | Stephens JM |
| Post-exercise recovery of biological, clinical and metabolic variables after different temperatures and durations of cold water immersion: a randomized clinical trial. | 2017 | Link | Vanderlei FM |
| The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. | 2017 | Link | Peake JM |
| Recovery From Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: Cold-Water Immersion Versus Whole-Body Cryotherapy. | 2017 | Link | Abaïdia AE |
| The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. | 2017 | Link | Peake JM |
| The physiological response to cold-water immersion following a mixed martial arts training session. | 2017 | Link | Lindsay A |
| The use of continuous vs. intermittent cold water immersion as a recovery method in basketball players after training: a randomized controlled trial. | 2017 | Link | Sánchez-Ureña B |
| Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | 2016 | Link | Machado AF |
| The Effect of Water Temperature during Cold-Water Immersion on Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. | 2016 | Link | Vieira A |
| The effects of cold water immersion with different dosages (duration and temperature variations) on heart rate variability post-exercise recovery: A randomized controlled trial. | 2016 | Link | Almeida AC |
| Comparison of between-training-sessions recovery strategies for world-class BMX pilots. | 2015 | Link | Marquet LA |
| Comparison of the effects of electrical stimulation and cold-water immersion on muscle soreness after resistance exercise. | 2015 | Link | Jajtner AR |
| Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. | 2015 | Link | Racinais S |
| Effect of varied recovery interventions on markers of psychophysiological stress in professional rugby union. | 2015 | Link | Lindsay A |
| Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise. | 2015 | Link | Roberts LA |
| Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated sprinting. | 2015 | Link | Leeder JD |
| The Effect of Post-Exercise Cryotherapy on Recovery Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | 2015 | Link | Hohenauer E |
| Sleep Hygiene and Recovery Strategies in Elite Soccer Players. | 2015 | Link | Nédélec M |
| The effect of various cold-water immersion protocols on exercise-induced inflammatory response and functional recovery from high-intensity sprint exercise. | 2014 | Link | White GE |
| Effect of recovery interventions on cycling performance and pacing strategy in the heat. | 2014 | Link | De Pauw K |
| Cold water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing muscle soreness after exercise. | 2014 | Link | Diong J |
| Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise. | 2014 | Link | Roberts LA |
| Cold water immersion in the management of delayed-onset muscle soreness: is dose important? A randomised controlled trial. | 2014 | Link | Glasgow PD |
| Cold-water immersion decreases cerebral oxygenation but improves recovery after intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. | 2014 | Link | Minett GM |
| Postexercise cold water immersion benefits are not greater than the placebo effect. | 2014 | Link | Broatch JR |
| Recovery from repeated on-court tennis sessions: combining cold-water immersion, compression, and sleep recovery interventions. | 2014 | Link | Duffield R |
| Cooling and performance recovery of trained athletes: a meta-analytical review. | 2013 | Link | Poppendieck W |
| Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. | 2013 | Link | Versey NG |
| Cycling time to failure is better maintained by cold than contrast or thermoneutral lower-body water immersion in normothermia. | 2013 | Link | Crampton D |
| Effect of evening postexercise cold water immersion on subsequent sleep. | 2013 | Link | Robey E |
| Effectiveness of water immersion on postmatch recovery in elite professional footballers. | 2013 | Link | Elias GP |
| Effects of sports massage and intermittent cold-water immersion on recovery from matches by basketball players. | 2013 | Link | Delextrat A |
| Evaluation of hydrotherapy, using passive tests and power tests, for recovery across a cyclic week of competitive rugby union. | 2013 | Link | Higgins TR |
| Post-exercise cold water immersion: effect on core temperature and melatonin responses. | 2013 | Link | Robey E |
| Recovery in soccer : part ii-recovery strategies. | 2013 | Link | Nédélec M |
| Association between post-game recovery protocols, physical and perceived recovery, and performance in elite Australian Football League players. | 2013 | Link | Bahnert A |
| Individual perception of recovery is related to subsequent sprint performance. | 2013 | Link | Cook CJ |
| The relative efficacy of three recovery modalities after professional rugby league matches. | 2013 | Link | Webb NP |
| Cold water immersion and recovery from strenuous exercise: a meta-analysis. | 2012 | Link | Leeder J |
| Cold water immersion recovery after simulated collision sport exercise. | 2012 | Link | Pointon M |
| Cold water immersion recovery following intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. | 2012 | Link | Pointon M |
| Effect of daily cold water immersion on heart rate variability and subjective ratings of well-being in highly trained swimmers. | 2012 | Link | Al Haddad H |
| Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on post-exercise heart rate variability. | 2012 | Link | Bastos FN |
| Effects of water immersion on posttraining recovery in Australian footballers. | 2012 | Link | Elias GP |
| Interleukin-6 responses to water immersion therapy after acute exercise heat stress: a pilot investigation. | 2012 | Link | Lee EC |
| Effects of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance and muscle damage following a one-off soccer match. | 2011 | Link | Ascensão A |
| Effects of cold-water immersion and contrast-water therapy after training in young soccer players. | 2011 | Link | De Nardi M |
| Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes--preliminary results. | 2011 | Link | Leal Junior EC |
| Comparison of body cooling methods on physiological and perceptual measures of mildly hyperthermic athletes. | 2011 | Link | DeMartini JK |
| Effect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects. | 2011 | Link | Herrera E |
| Effect of walking and resting after three cryotherapy modalities on the recovery of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy subjects. | 2011 | Link | Herrera E |
| Physiological and nutritional aspects of post-exercise recovery: specific recommendations for female athletes. | 2011 | Link | Hausswirth C |
| Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise. | 2011 | Link | Pournot H |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| A comparison of post-match recovery strategies in youth soccer players. | 2009 | Link | Kinugasa T |
| A single 10-min bout of cold-water immersion therapy after strenuous plyometric exercise has no beneficial effect on recovery from the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. | 2009 | Link | Jakeman JR |
| Effect of cold water immersion after exercise in the heat on muscle function, body temperatures, and vessel diameter. | 2009 | Link | Peiffer JJ |
| Effect of postexercise recovery procedures following strenuous stair-climb running. | 2009 | Link | Robey E |
| Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise. | 2009 | Link | Ingram J |
| Cooling interventions for the protection and recovery of exercise performance from exercise-induced heat stress. | 2008 | Link | Duffield R |
| The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. | 2008 | Link | Montgomery PG |
| Effect of hydrotherapy on recovery from fatigue. | 2008 | Link | Vaile J |
| Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. | 2008 | Link | Vaile J |
| Effects of cold-water immersion of legs after training session on serum creatine kinase concentrations in rugby players. | 2007 | Link | Banfi G |
| Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? | 2006 | Link | Barnett A |
| Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. | 1999 | Link | Eston R |
EIMD, DOMS & Inflammation
2017-1999
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. | 2017 | Link | Peake JM |
| The Efficacy of Repeated Cold Water Immersion on Recovery Following a Simulated Rugby Union Protocol | 2017 | Link | Barber |
| Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. | 2016 | Link | Fonseca LB |
| What are the Physiological Mechanisms for Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion in the Recovery from Prolonged Endurance and Intermittent Exercise? | 2016 | Link | Ihsan M |
| The Effect of Water Temperature during Cold-Water Immersion on Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. | 2016 | Link | Vieira A |
| The effect of various cold-water immersion protocols on exercise-induced inflammatory response and functional recovery from high-intensity sprint exercise. | 2014 | Link | White GE |
| Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. | 2012 | Link | Bleakley C |
| Effects of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance and muscle damage following a one-off soccer match. | 2011 | Link | Ascensão A |
| Effects of cold-water immersion on physical performance between successive matches in high-performance junior male soccer players. | 2009 | Link | Rowsell GJ |
| Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running. | 2007 | Link | Bailey DM |
| The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage | 2008 | Link | Goodall S |
| Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. | 1999 | Link | Eston R |
Cognition
2017-1976
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Cold acclimation and cognitive performance: A review. | 2017 | Link | Jones DM |
| Intermittent whole-body cold immersion induces similar thermal stress but different motor and cognitive responses between males and females. | 2014 | Link | Solianik R |
| Two strategies for response to 14 °C cold-water immersion: is there a difference in the response of motor, cognitive, immune and stress markers? | 2014 | Link | Brazaitis M |
| Cognitive function during lower body water immersion and post-immersion afterdrop. | 2013 | Link | Seo Y |
| Effect of task complexity on mental performance during immersion hypothermia. | 1993 | Link | Giesbrecht GG |
| Motor and cognitive effects of cold water immersion under hyperbarbic conditions. | 1976 | Link | Biersner RJ |
Treatment
2017-2010
2009-2007
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Cold-Water Immersion Cooling Rates in Football Linemen and Cross-Country Runners With Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. | 2017 | Link | Godek SF |
| Tarp-Assisted Cooling as a Method of Whole-Body Cooling in Hyperthermic Individuals. | 2017 | Link | Hosokawa Y |
| Temperate-Water Immersion as a Treatment for Hyperthermic Humans Wearing American Football Uniforms. | 2017 | Link | Miller KC |
| Cooling Effectiveness of a Modified Cold-Water Immersion Method After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. | 2016 | Link | Luhring KE |
| Effects of mild hypohydration on cooling during cold-water immersion following exertional hyperthermia. | 2016 | Link | Butts CL |
| National Athletic Trainers' Association Releases New Guidelines for Exertional Heat Illnesses: What School Nurses Need to Know. | 2016 | Link | VanScoy RM |
| Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Cold-Shower Cooling After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. | 2016 | Link | Butts CL |
| Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Meta-analysis. | 2015 | Link | Zhang Y |
| Effectiveness of cold water immersion for treating exertional heat stress when immediate response is not possible. | 2015 | Link | Flouris AD |
| Effectiveness of cold water immersion in the treatment of exertional heat stroke at the Falmouth Road Race. | 2015 | Link | Demartini JK |
| On-site treatment of exertional heat stroke. | 2015 | Link | Sloan BK |
| Heart rate variability during exertional heat stress: effects of heat production and treatment. | 2014 | Link | Flouris AD |
| Water immersion in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia: physical determinants. | 2014 | Link | Friesen BJ |
| Exertional heat stroke: new concepts regarding cause and care. | 2012 | Link | Casa DJ |
| Evidence-based medicine and the recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke, part II: a perspective from the clinical athletic trainer. | 2011 | Link | Mazerolle SM |
| Cold-water immersion and the treatment of hyperthermia: using 38.6°C as a safe rectal temperature cooling limit. | 2010 | Link | Gagnon D |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. | 2009 | Link | McDermott BP |
| To cool, but not too cool: that is the question--immersion cooling for hyperthermia. | 2008 | Link | Taylor NA |
| Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment. | 2007 | Link | Casa DJ |
Mechanisms
2018-2010
2009-2000
1999-1976
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Influence of body composition on physiological responses to post-exercise hydrotherapy. | 2018 | Link | Stephens JM |
| Cold Water Mediates Greater Reductions in Limb Blood Flow than Whole Body Cryotherapy. | 2017 | Link | Mawhinney C |
| Influence of cold-water immersion on limb blood flow after resistance exercise. | 2017 | Link | Mawhinney C |
| Modeling of Gender Differences in Thermoregulation. | 2017 | Link | Iyoho AE |
| Neuromuscular function during knee extension exercise after cold water immersion. | 2017 | Link | Wakabayashi H |
| Postexercise cold water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA expression in immersed and nonimmersed limbs: evidence of systemic regulation. | 2017 | Link | Allan R |
| What are the Physiological Mechanisms for Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion in the Recovery from Prolonged Endurance and Intermittent Exercise? | 2016 | Link | Ihsan M |
| Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle. | 2016 | Link | Joo CH |
| Repetitive cryotherapy attenuates the in vitro and in vivo mononuclear cell activation response. | 2016 | Link | Lindsay A |
| Leukocyte IGF-1 receptor expression during muscle recovery. | 2015 | Link | Fragala MS |
| Regular postexercise cooling enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK and p38 MAPK in human skeletal muscle. | 2015 | Link | Ihsan M |
| Cold water immersion of the ankle decreases neuromuscular response of lower limb after inversion movement. | 2014 | Link | Macedo CS |
| Effects of whole body cryotherapy and cold water immersion on knee skin temperature. | 2014 | Link | Costello JT |
| Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on expression of CR3 and MIP-1β following resistance exercise. | 2014 | Link | Gonzalez AM |
| Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on post-exercise markers of muscle damage. | 2014 | Link | Gonzalez AM |
| Mediators of monocyte migration in response to recovery modalities following resistance exercise. | 2014 | Link | Jajtner AR |
| Two strategies for response to 14 °C cold-water immersion: is there a difference in the response of motor, cognitive, immune and stress markers? | 2014 | Link | Brazaitis M |
| Influence of cold-water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow after exercise. | 2013 | Link | Mawhinney C |
| Influence of postexercise cooling on muscle oxygenation and blood volume changes. | 2013 | Link | Ihsan M |
| Neural and physiological responses to a cold pressor challenge in healthy adolescents. | 2013 | Link | Richardson HL |
| Postexercise cold-water immersion does not attenuate muscle glycogen resynthesis. | 2013 | Link | Gregson W |
| Influence of circulating cytokines on prolactin during slow vs. fast exertional heat stress followed by active or passive recovery. | 2012 | Link | Wright HE |
| Influence of cold water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow at rest. | 2011 | Link | Gregson W |
| What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water immersion in sports recovery? A systematic review. | 2010 | Link | Bleakley CM |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Differences between sexes in rectal cooling rates after exercise-induced hyperthermia. | 2009 | Link | Lemire BB |
| Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. | 2009 | Link | Buchheit M |
| Effect of cold-water immersion duration on body temperature and muscle function. | 2009 | Link | Peiffer JJ |
| Body temperature and its effect on leukocyte mobilization, cytokines and markers of neutrophil activation during and after exercise. | 2008 | Link | Peake J |
| N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations in elite rugby players at rest and after active and passive recovery following strenuous training sessions. | 2008 | Link | Banfi G |
| Physiological responses to cold water immersion following cycling in the heat. | 2008 | Link | Halson SL |
| Cardiovascular changes induced by cold water immersion during hyperbaric hyperoxic exposure. | 2007 | Link | Boussuges A |
| Respiratory responses to cold water immersion: neural pathways, interactions, and clinical consequences awake and asleep. | 2006 | Link | Datta A |
| Warming by immersion or exercise affects initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion. | 2004 | Link | Scott CG |
| Heat balance precedes stabilization of body temperatures during cold water immersion. | 2003 | Link | Tikuisis P |
| Effect of regular winter swimming on the activity of the sympathoadrenal system before and after a single cold water immersion. | 2001 | Link | Huttunen P |
| Comparison of thermoregulatory responses between men and women immersed in cold water. | 2000 | Link | Tikuisis P |
| Permanence of the habituation of the initial responses to cold-water immersion in humans. | 2000 | Link | Tipton MJ |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Cardiovascular regulation during water immersion. | 1999 | Link | Park KS |
| Habituation of the initial responses to cold water immersion in humans: a central or peripheral mechanism? | 1998 | Link | Tipton MJ |
| The convective afterdrop component during hypothermic exercise decreases with delayed exercise onset. | 1998 | Link | Giesbrecht GG |
| Cold induced vasodilatation and cardiovascular responses in humans during cold water immersion of various upper limb areas. | 1997 | Link | Sendowski I |
| Change in sympathetic activity, cardiovascular functions and plasma hormone concentrations due to cold water immersion in men. | 1996 | Link | Janský L |
| Metabolic changes during cold water immersion. | 1995 | Link | Hesselberg O |
| Leg temperature and heat content in humans during immersion hypothermia and rewarming. | 1994 | Link | Bristow GK |
| Effects of muscle glycogen and plasma FFA availability on human metabolic responses in cold water. | 1991 | Link | Martineau L |
| Intra-individual variation of skin temperature recovery rate after cold water immersion among Japanese bush-cutter operators. | 1991 | Link | Izumi T |
| Finger and forearm vasodilatatory changes after local cold acclimation. | 1990 | Link | Leftheriotis G |
| Prolonged whole-body cold water immersion: fluid and ion shifts. | 1989 | Link | Deuster PA |
| Thermoregulation during cold water immersion is unimpaired by low muscle glycogen levels. | 1989 | Link | Young AJ |
| Thermoregulation during cold water immersion is unimpaired by low muscle glycogen levels. | 1989 | Link | Young AJ |
| Influence of skeletal muscle glycogen on passive rewarming after hypothermia. | 1988 | Link | Neufer PD |
| Human thermal responses during leg-only exercise in cold water. | 1987 | Link | Golden FS |
| Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion. | 1984 | Link | Jacobs I |
| Respiratory and other responses in subjects immersed in cold water. | 1976 | Link | Cooper KE |
Misc. Studies
2018-2010
2009-2000
1999-1976
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Effect of short-term cold-water immersion on muscle pain sensitivity in elite track cyclists. | 2018 | Link | Klich S |
| Pre-cooling moderately enhances visual discrimination during exercise in the heat. | 2017 | Link | Clarke ND |
| Validity of Core Temperature Measurements at 3 Rectal Depths During Rest, Exercise, Cold-Water Immersion, and Recovery. | 2017 | Link | Miller KC |
| Optimizing Cold-Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: An Evidence-Based Paper. | 2016 | Link | Nye EA |
| Physiological and perceptual effects of precooling in wheelchair basketball athletes. | 2016 | Link | Forsyth P |
| The Beneficial Effect of Parasympathetic Reactivation on Sympathetic Drive During Simulated Rugby Sevens. | 2016 | Link | Douglas J |
| The use of thermal imaging to assess the effectiveness of ice massage and cold-water immersion as methods for supporting post-exercise recovery. | 2016 | Link | Adamczyk JG |
| Changes in femoral artery blood flow during thermoneutral, cold, and contrast-water therapy. | 2015 | Link | Ménétrier A |
| Cold-Water Immersion for Hyperthermic Humans Wearing American Football Uniforms. | 2015 | Link | Miller KC |
| Necessity of Removing American Football Uniforms From Humans With Hyperthermia Before Cold-Water Immersion. | 2015 | Link | Miller KC |
| Two strategies for the acute response to cold exposure but one strategy for the response to heat stress. | 2015 | Link | Brazaitis M |
| Cold-water immersion and iced-slush ingestion are effective at cooling firefighters following a simulated search and rescue task in a hot environment. | 2014 | Link | Walker A |
| Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: a pilot study. | 2014 | Link | Robey E |
| Habituation of the metabolic and ventilatory responses to cold-water immersion in humans. | 2013 | Link | Tipton MJ |
| Brain mapping after prolonged cycling and during recovery in the heat. | 2013 | Link | De Pauw K |
| Exertional rhabdomyolysis in a collegiate american football player after preventive cold-water immersion: a case report. | 2012 | Link | Kahanov L |
| Muscle, skin and core temperature after -110°c cold air and 8°c water treatment. | 2012 | Link | Costello JT |
| Effects of cold water immersion on knee joint position sense in healthy volunteers. | 2011 | Link | Costello JT |
| Postexercise water immersion increases short-term food intake in trained men. | 2011 | Link | Halse RE |
| Variable profile of individual heart rate responses to cold water immersion apnea in healthy late adolescent men. | 2011 | Link | Wierzba TH |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Repeated cold showers as a method of habituating humans to the initial responses to cold water immersion. | 2005 | Link | Eglin CM |
| The use of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the effects of cooling on skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise. | 2003 | Link | Yanagisawa O |
| The influence of age on thermosensitivity during cold water immersion. | 2002 | Link | Glickman EL |
| Metabolic habituation following repeated resting cold-water immersion is not apparent during low-intensity cold-water exercise. | 2001 | Link | Stocks JM |
| The influence of ethnicity on thermosensitivity during cold water immersion. | 2001 | Link | Glickman EL |
| The influence of gender and menstrual phase on thermosensitivity during cold water immersion. | 2000 | Link | Glickman-Weiss EL |
| Study | Year | Link | First Author |
| Does shivering thermogenesis enhance the individual's ability to maintain rectal temperature during immersion in cold water? | 1997 | Link | Glickman-Weiss E |
| Thermal and metabolic responses to cold-water immersion at knee, hip, and shoulder levels. | 1997 | Link | Lee DT |
| Heat production during cold water immersion: the role of shivering and exercise in the development of hypothermia. | 1995 | Link | Waag T |
| A second postcooling afterdrop: more evidence for a convective mechanism. | 1992 | Link | Giesbrecht GG |
| Thermal responses of men and women during cold-water immersion: influence of exercise intensity. | 1992 | Link | McArdle WD |
| Transient cardiac sinus dysrhythmia occurring after cold water immersion. | 1987 | Link | Doubt TJ |
| Motor and cognitive effects of cold water immersion under hyperbarbic conditions. | 1976 | Link | Biersner RJ |